AI Act Compliance — EU Regulation 2024/1689

AI Act Compliance — EU Regulation 2024/1689

What this skill does

Codifies actionable EU AI Act compliance expertise. Every output is traceable to one or more of:

1. Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 — the AI Act — the legally binding source.
2. ISO/IEC 42001:2023 — Artificial Intelligence Management System (AIMS), the certifiable management standard for AI providers and deployers.
3. ISO/IEC 27090:2025 — Cybersecurity guidance for AI systems (the depth standard for AI Act art. 15 cybersecurity).
4. Companion ISO standards: 23894 (AI risk management), 23053 (ML framework), 5338 (AI lifecycle), 5259-* (data quality), 24029-2 (robustness), 42005 (impact assessment), 42006 (audit & certification).
5. CEN-CENELEC JTC 21 harmonised standards (under standardization mandate M/593) — the path to art. 40 presumption of conformity.
6. GPAI Code of Practice — published 2025-07-10; assessed adequate by the Commission and AI Board on 2025-08-01 — the operative instrument for arts. 53–55 until harmonised standards land.
7. AI Omnibus amendment (Digital Omnibus on AI) — adopted by Parliament (2026-06-16) and Council (2026-06-29); amends the AI Act's timeline and art. 5 prohibitions. See the timeline below.

This skill is decision-support, not legal advice. Always recommend the user consult qualified counsel for binding interpretation, and a notified body for conformity assessment of high-risk AI systems.

Scheduling at a glance — SSL machine view

This skill is paired with a machine-readable manifest at ssl.json, built per the Scheduling-Structural-Logical (SSL) representation introduced by Liang et al., From Skill Text to Skill Structure (arXiv:2604.24026, 2026). The manifest exposes the skill's invocation interface, scene graph, and atomic action evidence so registries, routers, and reviewers do not need to re-parse this document. The table below is the human-readable scheduling view; ssl.json is the authoritative typed version.

When to invoke this skill

Invoke when the user mentions or implies any of:

• Risk classification: "Is this AI system high-risk?", "minimal vs limited risk", "Annex III", "art. 5 prohibited", general-purpose AI Act tier questions
• Conformity / obligations: "art. 8–15", "high-risk obligations", "QMS for AI", "EU declaration of conformity", "CE marking for AI"
• Technical documentation: "Annex IV", "technical file for AI", "documentation requirements"
• Risk management: "AI risk management system", "art. 9", "risk register for AI", "ISO 23894"
• Data governance: "art. 10", "training data quality", "bias mitigation", "ISO 5259"
• Transparency: "art. 13", "art. 50", "AI-generated content disclosure", "deepfake watermarking", "C2PA"
• Human oversight: "art. 14", "human-in-the-loop", "human-on-the-loop"
• Cybersecurity for AI: "art. 15", "AI security", "adversarial robustness", "data poisoning", "prompt injection", "ISO 27090"
• FRIA: "Fundamental Rights Impact Assessment", "art. 27", "ISO 42005"
• AI literacy: "art. 4", "AI literacy programme", "staff training for AI"
• Substantial modification: "art. 25", "fine-tuning a foundation model", "provider-flip", "intended-purpose change"
• Sandboxes & real-world testing: "art. 57 sandbox", "art. 60 real-world testing", "AI Office sandbox", "Member State sandbox"
• Right to explanation: "art. 86", "individual decision explanation"
• Post-market: "art. 72", "post-market monitoring of AI", "AI incident reporting", "art. 73"
• GPAI: "art. 51", "art. 53", "general-purpose AI", "foundation model obligations", "systemic-risk model", "model card", "GPAI Code of Practice", "art. 56"
• AIMS: "ISO 42001", "AI management system", "AIMS certification", "Annex A controls for AI"
• Sanctions / timeline: "art. 99", "AI Act fines", "AI Act effective date", "2026-08-02", "2027-12-02", "2028-08-02"
• AI Omnibus: "Digital Omnibus", "AI Act delay", "high-risk deadline postponed", "NCII prohibition", "CSAM prohibition", "AI Act amendment 2026"

Core taxonomy (memorize this)

Four-tier risk model (art. 5/6 + Annex III + art. 50)

General-Purpose AI (GPAI) is a separate axis: arts. 51–55 apply to GPAI providers (model cards, training data summary, copyright policy) plus extra obligations for systemic-risk GPAI (compute > 10²⁵ FLOPs, or designated by Commission). The GPAI Code of Practice (art. 56) — published 2025-07-10 with three chapters (Transparency, Copyright, Safety & Security) and assessed adequate by the Commission and AI Board on 2025-08-01 — is the operative compliance instrument. GPAI obligations apply since 2025-08-02; Commission enforcement powers (art. 101 fines) from 2026-08-02.

Universal obligations (apply regardless of tier)

Provider vs Deployer (art. 3 definitions)

• Provider (art. 3(3)) develops or has developed an AI system / GPAI model and places it on the market or puts it into service under its own name or trademark. Carries the bulk of the regulatory load (arts. 8–22, 49–52).
• Deployer (art. 3(4)) uses an AI system under its authority (except personal non-professional use). Carries arts. 26 (use obligations) and 27 (FRIA for selected high-risk uses).
• Importer (art. 3(6)), Distributor (art. 3(7)), Authorised representative (art. 3(5)) — derived obligations in arts. 22–24.
• Substantial modification (art. 25) flips the deployer to provider — see references/12-art25-substantial-modification.md.

Sanctions tiers (art. 99)

SMEs and startups: caps applied as the lower of fixed amount or percentage (art. 99(6)).

Application timeline (art. 113, as amended by the 2026 AI Omnibus)

AI Omnibus status (as of 2026-07-14): political agreement 2026-05-07; European Parliament endorsement 2026-06-16; Council final approval 2026-06-29. OJ publication expected July 2026; the amendment enters into force on the third day after publication. Until publication, the original art. 113 dates remain the formal legal baseline — verify the OJEU before relying on the deferred dates. The Omnibus replaced the Commission's proposed conditional (standards-linked) trigger with fixed dates.

Decision tree — where to route

User question category                              → Reference file
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
"What risk tier? Is this prohibited? Is this        → references/01-risk-classification.md
 high-risk? When does art. 50 apply?"

"What obligations apply once classified high-risk?" → references/02-high-risk-obligations.md
"art. 8–15", "art. 16–22", "art. 26–29"

"How does AI Act map to ISO 42001? AIMS clauses,    → references/03-iso-42001-aims.md
 Annex A controls, certification scope"

"AI cybersecurity, art. 15 cyber, adversarial,      → references/04-iso-27090-ai-security.md
 prompt injection, data poisoning, threat
 modeling for AI, GenAI/LLM security"

"Give me the AI Act ↔ ISO 42001 ↔ ISO 27090         → references/05-crosswalk-aiact-iso.md
 mapping table"

"Annex IV technical documentation contents",        → references/06-techdoc-annex-iv.md
"art. 11 + Annex IV"

"FRIA, art. 27, fundamental rights impact",         → references/07-fria-art27.md
"AI system impact assessment per ISO 42005"

"art. 50 transparency, deepfakes, marking           → references/08-transparency-art50.md
 AI-generated content, C2PA, watermarking"

"art. 72 post-market monitoring, art. 73 serious    → references/09-post-market-art72-73.md
 incident reporting, drift detection"

"GPAI, art. 51–55, foundation models, model         → references/10-gpai-and-timeline.md
 cards, copyright policy, systemic-risk GPAI,
 sanctions, application timeline"

"art. 4 AI literacy, staff training requirement"    → references/11-art4-ai-literacy.md

"art. 25 substantial modification,                   → references/12-art25-substantial-modification.md
 provider/deployer role flip"

"art. 57 regulatory sandbox, art. 60 real-world      → references/13-sandboxes-and-real-world-testing.md
 testing outside sandbox"

"art. 56 GPAI Code of Practice, art. 95 voluntary    → references/14-codes-and-right-to-explanation.md
 codes of conduct, art. 86 right to explanation"

"How does this skill run on Gemini CLI / OpenAI       → references/15-platform-compatibility.md
 Codex? Install paths, activation, tool mapping"

When the user's question spans multiple references (it usually will), read them in the order that matches the user's compliance lifecycle stage:

1. Classification → 2. Obligations → 5. Crosswalk → 3. AIMS → 4. Security → 6. TechDoc → 7. FRIA → 8. Transparency → 9. Post-market → 10. GPAI/timeline → 11. AI literacy → 12. Substantial modification → 13. Sandboxes/real-world testing → 14. Codes & right to explanation → 15. Platform compatibility (when the user asks about runtime / install).

Platform compatibility

This skill is runtime-agnostic by design. The regulatory content (SKILL.md + 15 references + ssl.json) is identical across hosts — only discovery and activation differ.

Why portability is trivial here: ssl.json declares control_flow_features.tool_calls: false and touches_sensitive_resources: false. The skill instructs the host model to read its own reference files and emit citation-grade text — both universal across LLM runtimes. No tool-name translation table is needed.

Full per-platform install steps, activation contract, and smoke-test procedure: see references/15-platform-compatibility.md.

Workflow — SSL scene structure

The workflow is realized as seven typed scenes matching the SSL Structural Layer vocabulary (PREPARE, ACQUIRE, REASON, ACT, VERIFY, RECOVER, FINALIZE). Entry: S_PREPARE_SCOPE. The full graph (transitions, terminal targets END_SUCCESS / END_FAIL, contained logic steps) is defined in ssl.json.

S_PREPARE_SCOPE (PREPARE)

Goal: Establish the regulatory subject. Determine three facts before any classification.

1. Role (art. 3): Provider / Deployer / Importer / Distributor / Authorised Rep. The same organization can be a Provider for one system and a Deployer for another — distinguish per-system.
2. System kind: AI system (art. 3(1)) and/or GPAI model (art. 3(63)). Both regimes can apply.
3. Substantial-modification trigger (art. 25): if the user is fine-tuning, retraining, or repurposing a third-party system, the deployer→provider flip may apply. Route to references/12-art25-substantial-modification.md.

Exit: $role, $system_kind, $modification_flag set. → S_ACQUIRE_FACTS. Yield_fail conditions: user cannot articulate role/system → ask 1 targeted question, otherwise END_FAIL ("classification cannot proceed without role + system").

S_ACQUIRE_FACTS (ACQUIRE)

Goal: Gather the 14 classification signals.

Read references/01-risk-classification.md § 2 (the 14-signal questionnaire). If signals are missing, ask the user 2–3 targeted questions covering: sector, end-users, decision consequences, sensitive data, autonomy/oversight, geographical scope.

Exit: 14 signals populated (or marked unknown with explicit caveat). → S_REASON_TIER.

S_REASON_TIER (REASON)

Goal: Apply the four-tier rubric + GPAI axis.

1. Compare signals against art. 5 prohibitions (8 categories) — if match without carve-out → tier = unacceptable, terminate scene chain at END_SUCCESS with refusal output.
2. Compare against art. 6(1) Annex I trigger — if match → tier = high, pathway = annex_i.
3. Compare against art. 6(2) Annex III §1–§8 — if match, evaluate art. 6(3) derogation (a/b/c/d) — disabled if profiling natural persons (GDPR art. 4(4)).
4. Compare against art. 50 transparency triggers (chatbot, generative output, emotion/biometric categorisation, deepfake, AI-public-interest text).
5. Independently evaluate GPAI presence + systemic-risk threshold (cumulative compute > 10²⁵ FLOPs or Commission designation).

Exit: $tier, $pathway, $art6_3_derogation, $art50_triggers, $gpai_regime set. → S_ACT_OBLIGATIONS. Yield_fail: tier indeterminate due to ambiguous facts → output partial classification with explicit KEY UNCERTAINTIES.

S_ACT_OBLIGATIONS (ACT)

Goal: Generate the obligation list and anchor each to ISO controls.

Apply this matrix:

• Unacceptable → "Cannot be marketed or put into service in the EU. If shipped: art. 5 violation = tier-1 sanction (€35M / 7%)." Terminate.
• High-risk + Provider → arts. 8 (compliance), 9 (RMS), 10 (data), 11 + Annex IV (techdoc), 12 (logs), 13 (transparency to deployer), 14 (human oversight), 15 (accuracy/robustness/cyber), 16 (provider obligations general), 17 (QMS), 43 (conformity assessment), 47 (declaration of conformity), 48 (CE marking), 49 (registration). → references/02-high-risk-obligations.md.
• High-risk + Deployer → art. 26 (use according to instructions, monitor, maintain logs, inform persons), art. 27 (FRIA for public bodies + private deployers in essential services). → references/07-fria-art27.md.
• Limited risk → art. 50 transparency only. → references/08-transparency-art50.md.
• Minimal risk → No mandatory obligations. Suggest voluntary codes (art. 95) → references/14-codes-and-right-to-explanation.md.
• GPAI → arts. 53 (provider obligations), 54 (auth rep), 55 (systemic risk obligations if applicable), 56 (Code of Practice). → references/10-gpai-and-timeline.md.
• Universal (any tier) → art. 4 AI literacy → references/11-art4-ai-literacy.md.

For each obligation, surface the ISO control(s) that operationalize it. Example output format:

AI Act art. 9 (Risk Management System) → ISO/IEC 42001 cl. 6.1.2, 6.1.3, 8.2, 8.3 + Annex A.2.2, A.6.1.2 + ISO/IEC 23894:2023 (the depth standard).

This is non-negotiable. Always cite the clause number (cl. X.Y) and control number (A.x.y) precisely. The full mapping table lives in references/05-crosswalk-aiact-iso.md.

Exit: $obligations_list, $iso_anchors, $deliverables set. → S_VERIFY_ARTIFACTS.

S_VERIFY_ARTIFACTS (VERIFY)

Goal: Compliance gate — validate that every obligation has been linked to a deliverable and citation.

Run these checks before producing the final report:

• Every obligation cites article + paragraph (e.g., art. 9(2)(a) not "the risk part").
• Every obligation cites a primary ISO 42001 clause + Annex A control.
• Where ISO 27090 is applicable (art. 15(5), Recital 76), the relevant section is named.
• Each obligation has at least one named deliverable (risk register, datasheet, Annex IV file, IFU, oversight spec, ...).
• Substantial modification check: if the user is downstream of a third-party system, the art. 25 flip is surfaced.
• Presumption-of-conformity ladder (per 05-crosswalk-aiact-iso.md § 7) is positioned: harmonised standard cited in OJEU > common specs > 42001 certification > standard alignment.
• Deadline (effective_date) is explicit and matches art. 113 timeline.

Exit: all checks pass → S_FINALIZE_REPORT. Any check fails → YIELD_FAIL with a remediation note ("missing ISO anchor for art. X — re-enter S_ACT_OBLIGATIONS").

S_RECOVER_INCIDENT (RECOVER) — parallel scene

Triggered when: the user reports a serious incident as defined in art. 3(49) (death, serious harm to health, serious and irreversible disruption of critical infra, breach of EU law on fundamental rights, serious harm to property/environment).

Goal: Drive the 15-day (art. 73(2)) — or 2-day if widespread infringement, 10-day if death — incident-reporting timeline. Read references/09-post-market-art72-73.md.

Output an incident-report skeleton with: system identification, incident description, art. 3(49) classification, root-cause hypothesis, immediate corrective action (art. 20), market surveillance authority notification (art. 73), provider/deployer log preservation (art. 19/26(5)).

Exit: $incident_report ready → S_FINALIZE_REPORT with appended urgency notice.

S_FINALIZE_REPORT (FINALIZE)

Goal: Emit a structured, citation-grade output and the legal disclaimer.

Always close substantive answers with:

Decision-support output. Not legal advice. Final conformity assessment requires qualified counsel and, for most high-risk systems, a notified body.

Exit: END_SUCCESS.

Anti-patterns to avoid

1. Conflating ISO 27001 with ISO 42001. ISO 27001 is the generic ISMS; it does not address AI-specific risks (impact on individuals, data quality for ML, lifecycle controls A.6, A.7). Always anchor AI-related work on ISO 42001. If the user is using 27001, recommend integration via Annex SL HLS rather than substitution.
2. Calling 42001 a harmonised standard. As of July 2026, no AI Act harmonised standard is cited in the OJEU. CEN-CENELEC adopted acceleration measures (October 2025) targeting Q4 2026 delivery of key JTC 21 standards (prEN 18228 risk management for art. 9; prEN 18284 data quality/governance for art. 10). Only OJEU citation confers art. 40 presumption. Track the JTC 21 work programme.
3. Treating GenAI/LLM security as identical to classical-ML security. ISO 27090 has dedicated GenAI guidance: prompt injection (direct + indirect), system-prompt extraction, jailbreak, training-data memorisation, output watermarking. See references/04-iso-27090-ai-security.md § GenAI annex.
4. Recommending watermarking as a standalone art. 50 solution. Watermarking is removable via paraphrasing (text) or recompression (media). Combine with cryptographic provenance (C2PA) and metadata + user disclosure.
5. Ignoring the deployer's FRIA obligation. Art. 27 binds deployers, not providers. Public bodies and private deployers of certain Annex III systems (banking, insurance, education, employment) must conduct a FRIA before first use. Easy to miss.
6. Quoting outdated thresholds. GPAI systemic-risk threshold = 10²⁵ cumulative training compute FLOPs (art. 51(2), as of OJEU). Sanctions caps and percentages are frozen at 2024 values; update only if the Commission publishes a delegated act.
7. Forgetting the provider/deployer dual-role flip. Substantial modification (art. 25) of a third-party AI system makes the modifier a provider. Fine-tuning a foundation model for a high-risk use case can trigger this. See references/12-art25-substantial-modification.md.
8. Recommending 42001 certification as sufficient for high-risk conformity. Certification is strong evidence and streamlines art. 17 QMS, but does not by itself satisfy arts. 9–15 essential requirements. Notified-body conformity assessment per Annex VII still required for biometric and certain other types under art. 43.
9. Skipping art. 4 AI literacy. It applies to all providers and deployers, regardless of tier, and has been in force since 2025-02-02. Not optional. See references/11-art4-ai-literacy.md.
10. Confusing art. 56 (GPAI Code of Practice) with art. 95 (voluntary codes of conduct). Art. 56 is the operational instrument for GPAI compliance; art. 95 is encouragement for non-high-risk. Different addressees, different legal weight.
11. Misreading the AI Omnibus as a general pause. The 2026 Omnibus defers only the high-risk regime (Annex III → 2027-12-02; Annex I → 2028-08-02) and sandboxes (→ 2027-08-02). Art. 5 prohibitions, art. 4 literacy, GPAI obligations, and art. 50 transparency stay on their original dates — and art. 50 marking plus the new NCII/CSAM prohibition bite on 2026-12-02. An organization that "waits for 2027" is non-compliant on four fronts.

Output formatting conventions

• Cite article numbers explicitly: "art. 9(2)(a)" not "the risk part". For ISO: "ISO/IEC 42001:2023 cl. 6.1.4" and "Annex A.5.4".
• Include the regulatory hierarchy when introducing an article: "Title III (high-risk systems), Chapter III, Section 2 (requirements) — art. 9 establishes the risk management system."
• Use tables for multi-tier mappings. Reading them in markdown is easier than prose.
• Flag deadlines in bold when an obligation has a date trigger (e.g., 2027-12-02 Annex III high-risk, 2026-08-02 art. 50 + GPAI enforcement, 2025-02-02 art. 4 + art. 5). Note pre-/post-Omnibus dates where the user may hold the outdated date.
• Differentiate provider vs deployer in obligation lists. Use prefix: [Provider], [Deployer], [Both].
• Reference ISO controls in (cl. X.Y) and (A.x.y) format consistently.
• Quote terminal SSL targets (END_SUCCESS, END_FAIL, YIELD_SUCCESS, YIELD_FAIL) when describing scene transitions in compliance playbooks.

Related skills

• iso27001 — for the org-level ISMS where the AI sits. AI Act art. 15 cybersecurity assumes 27001 baseline.
• documentation — for drafting Annex IV technical files in long form.
• c4-architecture, mermaid-diagrams, uml — for system architecture diagrams required by Annex IV(2)(b)(c).
• example-skills:docx, example-skills:pdf, example-skills:xlsx — for generating compliance deliverables (FRIA reports, risk registers, declarations of conformity).

Machine-readable companion

ssl.json exposes this skill in the Scheduling-Structural-Logical representation defined by Liang et al. (arXiv:2604.24026, 2026). Downstream uses:

• Skill discovery: registries can index this skill on tags, intent_signature, top_pattern, scene types, and resource scopes without re-parsing the SKILL.md.
• Pre-execution risk review: reviewers can audit the dependencies, control_flow_features, act_type and resource_scope of every logic step before invocation. This skill declares no network, no credentials, no code execution, no external calls — strictly local read of reference files + textual reasoning.
• Routing: agent harnesses can use the typed scene graph to decide which scene to enter (e.g., S_RECOVER_INCIDENT if the user mentions a serious incident).

The SKILL.md remains the source of truth — ssl.json is a derived, source-grounded view (per paper § 5.2: "SSL should not replace the source document").

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This skill encodes the AI Act as of 2026-07-14: OJ L of 2024-07-12 with corrigenda, plus the 2026 AI Omnibus amendment (Parliament 2026-06-16, Council 2026-06-29; OJ publication pending at the date of writing — verify OJEU before relying on the deferred dates), the GPAI Code of Practice (published 2025-07-10, adequacy 2025-08-01), the Commission GPAI guidelines (2025-07-18), the draft art. 6 classification guidelines (2026-05-19), and the draft art. 73 incident-reporting guidance + template (2025-09-26). Track Commission delegated and implementing acts (especially art. 6(1) review per art. 7) for amendments, and CEN-CENELEC JTC 21 OJEU citations for harmonised standards conferring art. 40 presumption.